what is actually proven about the female body after forty
Treatments and supplements

What actually works, and how well it is studied

132 treatments, supplements, foods and procedures — each with the number of studies behind it and how strong they are. Search for yours.

Skin

26

Collagen

Does collagen do anything for your skin?

Thoroughly studied 22 studies

Retinol and retinoids

Is retinol worth it?

Thoroughly studied 11 studies

Hyaluronic acid

Does hyaluronic acid really hydrate?

Well studied 17 studies

Peptides

Do peptide creams do anything?

Thoroughly studied 16 studies

Vitamin C

Does vitamin C serum work?

Well studied 5 studies

Niacinamide

What does niacinamide actually do?

Studied in controlled trials 3 studies

Sunscreen

Does daily sunscreen slow skin ageing?

Well studied 4 studies

Botulinum toxin

What does Botox actually do to your skin?

Thoroughly studied 11 studies

Laser treatment

Do laser treatments work on ageing skin?

Thoroughly studied 23 studies

Hyaluronic acid fillers (Juvéderm, Restylane, Profhilo)

Do hyaluronic acid fillers work for nasolabial folds?

Well studied 16 studies

Microneedling (standalone)

Does microneedling really help with wrinkles?

The evidence stops at small studies 15 studies

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)

Does PRP (vampire facial) actually work?

Thoroughly studied 14 studies

Poly-L-lactic acid filler (Sculptra)

Does Sculptra really stimulate collagen?

Well studied 11 studies

Radiofrequency skin tightening

Does radiofrequency actually tighten sagging skin?

Well studied 8 studies

Probiotics for skin (oral/topical)

Can probiotics improve my skin aging?

Studied in controlled trials 8 studies

Laser resurfacing (ablative/non-ablative)

Which laser is best for wrinkles and skin resurfacing?

Well studied 7 studies

LED / photodynamic therapy

Does LED light therapy really reduce wrinkles?

Well studied 7 studies

Sun protection / sunscreen habits

Does daily sunscreen really prevent skin aging?

Well studied 6 studies

Microfocused ultrasound (Ultherapy)

Does Ultherapy actually lift sagging skin?

Well studied 5 studies

Retinol

Is retinol as good as prescription retinoids?

Studied in controlled trials 4 studies

Collagen dermal filler (injectable)

Do collagen injections still work as fillers?

Studied in controlled trials 4 studies

Exosome therapy

Are exosome treatments worth it for skin rejuvenation?

Well studied 4 studies

Stem cell-based treatments

Do stem cell injections actually rejuvenate skin?

Studied in controlled trials 4 studies

Isotretinoin

Can isotretinoin improve sun-damaged skin?

Studied in controlled trials 3 studies

Polynucleotide injections

Do polynucleotide injections improve skin quality?

The evidence stops at small studies 3 studies

Astaxanthin

Can astaxanthin protect skin from sun damage?

Well studied 3 studies

Hormones

24

Phytoestrogens and isoflavones

Do soy and plant oestrogens help with menopause?

Well studied 14 studies

Estradiol therapy (patches, pills, gels, sprays)

Does estrogen therapy help with menopause symptoms and mood?

Thoroughly studied 57 studies

Hormone replacement therapy for skin

Does HRT actually improve my skin as I age?

Thoroughly studied 22 studies

Transdermal estrogen patch

Is the estrogen patch safer than pills for menopause symptoms?

Well studied 10 studies

Venlafaxine (Effexor)

Does venlafaxine help with hot flashes?

Well studied 8 studies

Oral micronized progesterone

Does progesterone help with night sweats and sleep?

Studied in controlled trials 8 studies

Spironolactone

Does spironolactone help with hair loss or unwanted hair?

Well studied 8 studies

Norethindrone plus ethinyl estradiol

What does this hormone combo pill do for menopause symptoms?

Well studied 7 studies

Tibolone

What is tibolone and does it help menopause symptoms?

Well studied 6 studies

Combined oral contraceptives

Do birth control pills help with hair loss or hormonal acne?

Well studied 6 studies

Vaginal estrogen therapy

Is vaginal estrogen safe for vaginal dryness after menopause?

Well studied 5 studies

Conjugated estrogens with bazedoxifene (Duavee)

What is this combo drug with estrogen and bazedoxifene?

Well studied 5 studies

Black cohosh

Does black cohosh actually help with hot flashes?

Well studied 5 studies

Equol (S-equol supplement)

Does equol help with hot flashes?

Well studied 4 studies

Chinese herbal medicine

Do Chinese herbal remedies help with menopause symptoms?

Well studied 4 studies

Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)

Does desvenlafaxine help with hot flashes?

Well studied 4 studies

Raloxifene (Evista)

Does raloxifene help protect my bones after menopause?

Studied in controlled trials 4 studies

Vitamin E

Does vitamin E help with PCOS or hair issues?

Well studied 4 studies

Fezolinetant (Veozah)

Does the new non-hormone hot flash drug fezolinetant actually work?

Well studied 3 studies

Red clover extract

Does red clover help with hot flashes?

Well studied 3 studies

Cortisol tracking

Is my cortisol linked to my hot flashes?

Well studied 3 studies

Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate

Can a progesterone shot help with hot flashes?

Studied in controlled trials 3 studies

Curcumin

Can curcumin reduce hot flashes and anxiety?

The evidence stops at small studies 3 studies

GnRH agonist therapy

Does GnRH agonist therapy help hyperandrogenic women?

The evidence stops at small studies 3 studies

Sleep and mind

24

Melatonin

Does melatonin actually help you sleep?

Thoroughly studied 11 studies

Magnesium

Does magnesium help you sleep?

Well studied 4 studies

Ashwagandha

Does ashwagandha do anything for stress and sleep?

Well studied 5 studies

Caffeine

How late can you drink coffee?

Thoroughly studied 7 studies

Omega-3

Is omega-3 worth taking?

Thoroughly studied 9 studies

Vitamin D

Do you need a vitamin D supplement?

Well studied 15 studies

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Can CBT help with hot flashes and menopause symptoms?

Thoroughly studied 30 studies

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)

Does CBT for insomnia actually work better than sleeping pills?

Thoroughly studied 23 studies

Sleep hygiene education

What is sleep hygiene and does teaching it actually help?

Well studied 11 studies

Light therapy

Can a light box fix my sleep schedule?

Thoroughly studied 9 studies

Digital and app-based CBT-I programs

Do sleep apps that use CBT really help with insomnia?

Well studied 9 studies

Biological age tests (DNA methylation etc.)

Can a test actually tell me my real biological age?

Thoroughly studied 8 studies

Mind-body exercise (yoga, tai chi)

Can yoga or tai chi ease menopause symptoms?

Thoroughly studied 7 studies

Nutrition and diet for brain health

Can changing my diet protect my brain as I get older?

Thoroughly studied 7 studies

Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine for sleep

Can acupuncture or Chinese herbal medicine fix my insomnia?

Well studied 7 studies

Menopausal hormone therapy for sleep

Can hormone therapy fix my menopause insomnia?

Well studied 4 studies

Sleep tracking devices and apps

Do sleep tracker apps actually help improve my sleep?

Well studied 4 studies

Sleep duration and quality

How much sleep do I really need to stay healthy long-term?

Thoroughly studied 4 studies

Combined lifestyle programs (diet+exercise+cognitive)

Do combined lifestyle programs really slow down mental decline?

Studied in controlled trials 4 studies

Motivational interviewing / behaviour change counselling

Does talking to a coach really help me change my habits for good?

Thoroughly studied 4 studies

Z-drugs (Zolpidem and similar sleeping pills)

Are z-drugs like zolpidem safe for sleep long term?

Well studied 3 studies

B vitamins (B6, B12, folate)

Do B vitamins help prevent memory decline?

Well studied 3 studies

Sleep restriction therapy

What is sleep restriction therapy and does it help insomnia?

Well studied 3 studies

Brain stimulation (TMS/tDCS/tACS)

Can brain stimulation devices treat insomnia?

Well studied 3 studies

Weight and lifestyle

24

GLP-1 medication

What do the weight-loss injections actually do?

Thoroughly studied 43 studies

Intermittent fasting

Does intermittent fasting work?

Thoroughly studied 14 studies

Mediterranean diet

Does the Mediterranean diet really help you live longer?

Thoroughly studied 4 studies

Regular exercise / physical activity

How much exercise do I actually need to live longer?

Thoroughly studied 55 studies

Behavioral weight-loss programs

Do structured behavior-change programs help you keep weight off?

Thoroughly studied 34 studies

Tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound)

Is tirzepatide better than semaglutide for weight loss?

Thoroughly studied 17 studies

Orlistat (Alli, Xenical)

Does orlistat really help you lose weight and what are the side effects?

Thoroughly studied 17 studies

Liraglutide (Saxenda)

How much weight can you lose on liraglutide?

Thoroughly studied 15 studies

Weight loss apps and digital health programs

Do phone apps actually help you lose weight and keep it off?

Thoroughly studied 12 studies

Mobile health apps and digital coaching

Can a health app actually help me change my habits?

Thoroughly studied 12 studies

Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy)

Does semaglutide actually work for losing weight?

Thoroughly studied 11 studies

Diet and skin appearance

Can my diet change how my skin looks?

Thoroughly studied 9 studies

Resistance / strength training

Does lifting weights help me age better?

Thoroughly studied 8 studies

Aerobic exercise

Does aerobic exercise reduce hot flashes?

Thoroughly studied 7 studies

Bariatric surgery (gastric bypass, sleeve)

Does weight loss surgery keep the weight off better than medication?

Thoroughly studied 5 studies

Daily step counts / walking

How many steps a day should I aim for?

Thoroughly studied 5 studies

Cutting down sitting time

Does sitting all day undo the good of exercising?

Thoroughly studied 5 studies

Metformin

Can metformin help with weight loss if you are not diabetic?

Studied in controlled trials 4 studies

Commercial weight loss programs

Are paid programs like Weight Watchers actually worth it?

Thoroughly studied 3 studies

Self-monitoring and self-weighing

Does weighing yourself regularly actually help you keep weight off?

Studied in controlled trials 3 studies

Gut microbiome treatments

Can changing your gut bacteria help you lose weight?

Well studied 3 studies

Physical activity trackers / wearables

Does wearing a fitness tracker actually get me moving more?

Well studied 3 studies

Financial incentives for healthy behaviour

Would getting paid to be healthy actually work?

Well studied 3 studies

Workplace wellness programs

Do workplace health programs actually make a difference?

Thoroughly studied 3 studies

Food and nutrition

22

Diet as a whole

Can what I eat slow down skin ageing?

Thoroughly studied 46 studies

Soy and isoflavones

Does soy help with skin ageing after menopause?

Well studied 13 studies

Intermittent fasting

Does intermittent fasting help with weight loss?

Thoroughly studied 6 studies

Time-restricted eating

Does eating only within a certain window help me lose weight?

Thoroughly studied 9 studies

Calorie and energy restriction

Does simply cutting calories work best for weight loss?

Thoroughly studied 8 studies

Soy and isoflavones

Does eating soy help with hot flushes and other menopause symptoms?

Well studied 13 studies

Calcium

Does calcium help with menopause symptoms or just bones?

Well studied 9 studies

Plant-based diet and whole soy foods

Would a plant-based diet with whole soy foods ease my menopause symptoms?

Well studied 3 studies

Curcumin

Can curcumin reduce hot flushes and anxiety in menopause?

The evidence stops at small studies 3 studies

Nutritional interventions for mood

Can changing what I eat ease my menopause anxiety or depression?

Thoroughly studied 4 studies

Diet and gut microbiome

Could changing my diet through the gut microbiome reduce hot flushes?

Well studied 3 studies

B vitamins (B12, B6, folate)

Do B vitamins help protect memory and thinking?

Well studied 3 studies

Astaxanthin

Does astaxanthin reduce fatigue and support brain function?

Well studied 3 studies

Time-restricted eating

Does eating only within a set time window improve mood and energy?

Thoroughly studied 6 studies

Fermented fruit extracts

Can fermented tropical fruit extracts help my hair?

Studied in controlled trials 4 studies

Botanical hair-growth supplements

Do plant-based hair supplements actually work?

Thoroughly studied 7 studies

Collagen peptides

Do collagen peptides make my nails stronger?

Studied in controlled trials 4 studies

Soy and phytoestrogens

Can soy protein help with menopausal hair changes?

Well studied 12 studies

Calcium

Does calcium make a difference to nail quality?

Well studied 9 studies

Mediterranean diet

Does the Mediterranean diet help me live longer?

Thoroughly studied 4 studies

Caloric restriction and fasting

Does eating less help me live longer and healthier?

Thoroughly studied 16 studies

Dietary inflammatory index

Does an anti-inflammatory way of eating help me live longer?

Thoroughly studied 4 studies

Hair

12

This says how thoroughly something has been studied — not whether it works for you. What each study actually found is in the study itself, and in the plain-language write-ups we are adding.